Tion 5. Mapping from Planning Frame to Articulator Frame Articulator Position Vector Auditory Processing Planning Position Vector a Modeling Framework for Speech Motor Development and Kinematic Articulator Control

that the same speaker will often use widely different articulator configurations to produce /r/ in different contexts. Ongoing research is addressing the addition of F3 to the planning space and the addition of consonants to the model's phonemic repertoire. It is believed that consonants, unlike vowels and /r/, may require the incorporation of constriction information in the target specification. Therefore, a hybrid planning space including both formants and constrictions will be investigated. A neural network model of speech acquisition and motor equivalent speech production. " Biological Cybernetics, vol. 72, pp. 43-53. [2] Guenther, F.H. (in press), " Speech sound acquisition, coarticulation, and rate effects in a neural network model of speech production. " Psychological Review. [3] Maeda, S. (1990), " Compensatory articulation during speech: Evidence from the analysis and synthesis of vocal-tract shapes using an articulatory model. " In Hardcastle W. The role of contrast in limiting vowel-to-vowel coar-ticulation in different languages. " Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (1993), " The interplay between prosodic structure and coarticu-lation. " (1979), " Formant frequencies of some fixed-mandible vowels and a model of speech motor programming by predictive simulation. " " Trading relations between tongue-body raising and lip rounding in production of the vowel /u/: A pilot 'motor equiva-lence' study. A dialect study of American r's by x-ray motion picture. A self-organizing neu-ral model of motor equivalent reaching and tool use by a multijoint arm. " by the weights between the Speech Sound Map and the Planning Direction Vector stages of the model. The Planning Direction Vector activity then represents the desired movement direction in for-mant space. These desired formant changes are transformed into articulator movements through the direction-to-direction mapping manifested by the weights projecting from the Planning Direction Vector to the Articulator Direction Vector. These movements result in the formant trajectories shown in the top half of Figure 3. The solid arrow is the trajectory produced when /d/ precedes /r/, and the dashed arrow is the trajectory produced when /g/ precedes /r/. The important thing to note is that the direction-to-direction mapping transforms these formant trajectories, which go to a single target region in formant space, into articulator trajectories that end up at different sub-regions in articu-lator space. The articulator space trajec-tories are indicated by the arrows in the bottom half of Figure 3. (Because this plot represents just two of the seven articulator dimensions, the trajectories are only approximate.) …